NGS-based immuno-oncology research is revolutionizing our understanding of cancer and the immune system’s role in combating it. By employing NGS technologies, researchers can comprehensively analyze the genetic and transcriptomic landscapes of tumors and their microenvironments, providing insights into tumor heterogeneity, neoantigen formation, and immune cell infiltration. This approach enables the identification of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets, facilitating the development of personalized cancer immunotherapies.